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Dlaczego Juda została zniszczona przez Nabuchodonozora? Teologiczna reinterpretacja przelania niewinnej krwi przez króla Manassesa (2Krl 21,16) w 2Krl 24,3-4
Kinowski, Krzysztof (Stowarzyszenie Biblistów Polskich, 2017)
Hector M. Patmore – Josef Lössl (eds.), Demons in Early Judaism and Christianity. Characters and Characteristics (Ancient Judaism and Early Christianity 113; Leiden – Boston, MA: Brill 2022). Pp. 339. € 146.28. ISBN 978-90-04-51714-1
Kinowski, Krzysztof (Katolicki Uniwersytet Lubelski Jana Pawła II, 2023)
Ks. prałat dr hab. Andrzej Stanisław Kowalczyk (20 II 1940 – 20 II 2021)
Kinowski, Krzysztof (Stowarzyszenie Biblistów Polskich, 2021)
Motyw „gniewu Bożego” w historiografii Ksiąg Królewskich
Kinowski, Krzysztof (Katolicki Uniwersytet Lubelski Jana Pawła II, 2018)
Motyw „gniewu Bożego” jest kluczowy do zrozumienia historiografii Ksiąg Królewskich, a przede wszystkim tragicznego końca Izraela i Judy. Opowiadając o losach monarchii podawidowej, autor biblijny przedstawia, jak gniew YHWH doprowadza najpierw do podziału królestwa Salomona (1 Krl 11,9-13), następnie do upadku Królestwa Północnego (2 Krl 17,5-23), a ostatecznie do upadku Jerozolimy i Judy (2 Krl 24–25). Teologiczna interpretacja historii w Pierwszej i Drugiej Księdze Królewskiej opiera się na wzajemnie powiązanych paradygmatach „zbrodni i kary” oraz „proroctwa i jego wypełnienia się”. Ich dopełnieniem jest nierozerwalny związek między gniewem YHWH a niewiernością Jego przymierzu według logiki zasady retrybucji. W ten sposób autor Ksiąg Królewskich interpretuje tragiczny koniec monarchii w Izraelu i Judzie jako skutek słusznego wzburzenia YHWH w reakcji na grzech bałwochwalstwa i porzucenie Go przez lud. Według tej logiki motyw „gniewu Bożego” w Pierwszej i Drugiej Księdze Królewskiej służy racjonalizacji narodowej katastrofy i apologii Boga. Tak nakreślona teologiczna wizja historii jest lekcją i przestrogą dla powygnaniowych odbiorców tych pism.
The Meaning of ויעל בכל־הארץ in 2 Kings 17:5a. The Semantic and Syntactic Study of the Phrase with Particular Interest in the Verb עלה and the Preposition בְּ
Kinowski, Krzysztof (Katolicki Uniwersytet Lubelski Jana Pawła II, 2023)
The expression ויעל בְּכל־הארץ in 2 Kgs 17:5a is apparently simple and devoid of semantic or syntactic difficulty. This Hebrew phrase is, however, interpreted variously by the scholars who generate aconsiderable plurality of its translations. The problem appears to lie in the diversity with which the meaning of the verb √עלה and of the preposition בְּ and further, their semantic and syntactic relation in 2 Kgs 17:5a, are interpreted. The examination of these lexemes’ semantics and their interrelated syntax in the Hebrew text leads to the following conclusions: (1) the verb √עלה has there atechnical-military meaning “to invade, attack, march against;” (2) it is used stereotypically and from the sociolinguistic perspective it denotes the nuance of an upward movement; (3) the meaning of ְבְּ is spatial in 2 Kgs 17:5a and marks an area moved through; (4) the syntactic relation √בְּ + עלה is not equivalent √על + עלה and consequently, the technical-military meaning of the verb does not remove the spatial meaning of the preposition. I proposed to translate 2 Kgs 17:5a in a following way: “And then (the king of Assyria) marched up throughout the whole country.” Such a rendering expresses both the Assyrian military actions, a physical movement upwards, and the area moved through. From the historical point of view, it describes the first stage of the Assyrian attack, the invasion going throughout the whole country of king Hosea (v. 5a), followed by an attack directed against its capital, Samaria (v. 5bc). Other interpretations (translations), either ignoring or highlighting one of the discussed features only, may be considered incomplete, questionable or unacceptable from the semantic and syntactic point of view.
The Origin and Narrative Function of the Conquest of the Land (2 Kgs 17:5a) in the Account of the Fall of Samaria (2 Kgs 17:3–6)
Kinowski, Krzysztof (Katolicki Uniwersytet Lubelski Jana Pawła II, 2025)
The conquest of the land in 2 Kgs 17:5 is the key element in the account of the fall of Samaria (2 Kgs 17:3–6). The source analysis of this verse leads to the conclusion that its shorter version, witnessed by the Old Latin Palimpsestus Vindobonensis (La115) where the conquest of the land is not mentioned, may be the oldest recoverable form of this text, allowing for the reconstruction of the true Old Greek text and its Hebrew Vorlage, in this regard alternative to the longer version attested to by the Masoretic text. The survey on the possible reasons underlying the postulated textual expansion in 2 Kgs 17:5MT indicates that the mention of the attack on the entire country adds drama to the events narrated, emphasises the totality of the Assyrian invasion, and makes the capture of Samaria more significant. In contrast, the lectio brevior of the OL appears to be less dramatic and somehow ‘flat’ from the narrative point of view. In this way the narrative of the lectio longior takes on an increasingly anti-Samarian tone disclosing possible pragmatic motives underlying postulated textual expansions. Historical contextualisation of the events narrated in 2 Kgs 17:5MT completes the picture, which seems to be much more complex than the straightforward biblical narrative would suggest. The final literary context in which these events are narrated indicates that the biblical editor is mostly interested in theodicy to depict the total defeat of Samaria and the definitive end of the Kingdom of Israel in theological terms. In this regard, the remark about the conquest of the land in the MT, in later Greek versions, and the Targum, intensifies the anti-Samarian rhetoric of the biblical text in comparison with those textual versions which do not mention it (OL and several Greek testimonies).